Punishment Essay - 1120 Words

There are many explanations for what punishment characterises. For Emile Durkheim, punishment was mainly an expression of social solidarity and not a form of crime control. Here, the offender attacks the social moral order by committing a crime and therefore, has to be punished, to show that this moral order still quot;worksquot;. Durkheims theory suggests that punishment must be visible to everyone, and so expresses the outrage of all members of society against the challenge to their collective values. The form of punishment changes between mechanic (torture, execution) and organic (prison) solidarity because the values of society change but the idea behind punishing, the essence, stays the same - keeping the moral order intact not†¦show more content†¦Therefore, these social rules, customs and traditions all form a culture, which gives different societies their unique characteristic. In relation to punishment, Durkheims approach considers the importance of punishment for this social solidarity. Durkheim s theory of punishment is a part of a bigger theory based on law, in The Division of Labour in Society (1960) which then developed into Two Laws of Penal Evolution (1984) In The Division of Labour in Society, Durkheim analyses the differences between modern industrial society and forms of society which went before it, and his main concern is to locate the sources and type of social solidarity - the common feelings customs and traditions that make people recognise themselves as part of the same society - in the modern industrial state. In Durkheims view, a pre-industrial society consists of individuals carrying out the same tasks, or shared life experiences, with the exception of a few i.e. priests and rulers). There will therefore be solidarity based on similarity in shared beliefs, understandings and tradition. (Hudson, 1996,P2) This, as Durkheim calls it, is mechanic solidarity, where the shared rules and customs will function to keep society alive and up and running. In comparison, if and when theShow MoreRelatedPunishment : Punishment And Removal Punishment1166 Words   |  5 PagesPunishment Punishment is a consequence that decreases the frequency of the behavior it follows. There are two different categories that punishment can fall under: presentation punishment and removal punishment. Presentation punishment involves introducing a new and unpleasant stimulus. Removal punishment involves removing a wanted stimulus. Punishment in educational settings has been a particularly controversial subject, since many people view punishment as something barbaric or cruel. Also, ifRead MorePunishment Is The Punishment An Individual948 Words   |  4 PagesRetribution can be described with these two words: Deserved Punishment. Retribution is the punishment an individual receives contingent upon the severity of their wrong doings. They must â€Å"pay their debts†. The authors of the text â€Å"Criminal Justice in America† mentions that if the government fails to sentence the individual to an appropriate amount of punishment, society will take the situation into their own hands (Cole, Smith and DeJong 277). If a murderer receives 5 years in prison, the familyRead MorePunishment Is A Necessary Evil And Punishment2306 Words   |  10 Pageshistory, prisons and other institutions did not only punish the guilty, but control those otherwise socially excluded from society by reasons of poverty, gender or social class. (Some of the most fundamental divisions in society.) Punishment is a necessary evil and punishment is evoked when someone is believed to have done wrong. It symbolizes and erects moral judgment and sustains solidarity and collective consciousness. [Cesaroni 2010] Prison is just one of a number of sanctions available to the courtsRead MoreA Problem of Punishment1000 Words   |  4 Pagesinevitably ruin it if we don’t fix him now,† Ivan emotionally said. The decision to send Sasha to court and let him handle this situation on his own was tough, but final. Ivan and the Colonel broke the news to Sasha who showed no emotion to the punishment they had enforced on him. He sat there, listened to their â€Å"reasoning† for why they were sending him to court and got up and left. A few days had gone by and Sasha had been forced to stay within the premise of his family’s house. Now, he was goingRead MorePunishment Vs Rehabilitation Essays : Punishment And Rehabilitation1383 Words   |  6 PagesRebelo 1 Michelle Rebelo PS 102-01: Dr. Howell Williams May 11, 2017 Punishment vs Rehabilitation In all of the countries on Earth, there is some form of system that criminals go through when they commit a crime. Some are harsher than others, and each is different. But which is most effective and beneficial to society as a whole? Here in America, our criminal system is very militaristic, we are punishers. But maybe it’s time for that to change. Before the 1970’s, American prisons held the mentalRead MorePunishment or Rehabilitation?2327 Words   |  10 PagesRunning head: PUNISHMENT OR REHABILITATION? Punishment or Rehabilitation? Tanisha Denson-Hodge University of Phoenix - Online Survey of Justice and Security CJA 500 Mark McCoy, Ed. D Nov 18, 2006 Abstract The debate between punishment and rehabilitation for criminal offenders has been an ongoing issue for many years. What is the true focus of our criminal justice system today? Some argue that it is to punish those that choose to disobey the laws of the land and indulge in criminalRead MoreTheories of Punishment3436 Words   |  14 PagesTheories of why we punish offenders are crucial to the understanding of criminal law; in fact it is not easy to define legal punishment, however one thing is clear within the different theories of punishment is that they all require justification.[1] There are many theories of punishment yet they are predominantly broken down into two main categories. The utilitarian theory seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or â€Å"deter,† future wrong doing. The retributive theory seeks to punish offendersRead MoreCrime And Punishment And The Punishment2363 Words   |  10 Pagescommitted has a punishment that goes hand in hand with it. The natur e of the crime determines the punishment that follows it. The nature of the punishment also depends on the law that operates in the country in which the crime is committed. Different crimes attract different penalties. For instance, crimes involving murder may attract capital punishment on the criminal, or life jail sentence depending on the circumstances surrounding the murder. Capital offences do attract capital punishments as well, andRead MoreThe Corporal Punishment Of Children1223 Words   |  5 Pages Corporal Punishment of Children Thesis: Although using the corporal punishment method in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowed to use this method to punish students because it’s not effective for the child’s behavioral change, and it affects the child’s behavior mentally and physically. I.Hurts the child physically and abuses the child right II. Destructive rather than constructive A. Many people believe that corporal punishment is a methodRead MoreThe Effect Of Punishment On Children Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pages1. Punishment is defined as reduction in the strength of a behavior because of its consequences. For example, your child misses their curfew one night and you punish them by saying they can’t go out for two weeks, it is more likely then the child will not miss their curfew again because of the negative consequence and therefore reducing or decreasing the behavior of missing one’s curfew. Skinner’s view in 1938 was that punishment suppresses behavior but only for a short period of time. He came

Pros And Cons Of Social Media Essay - 1598 Words

Draft of English Argument/Research Essay Serin Kim Period 4 A prevalent issue regarding social media and interactions exists between researchers and social network users. Social media is currently changing how relationships between people are created. Relationships can exist through people across the world through social media and can produce more emotional bonds with friends that you can see everyday. On the other hand, social media also could present conflicts due to the fact that some of these relationships can become unhealthy and that people could change to be more dependent on internet friends, becoming introverted. Social media benefits interactions because it can strengthen bonds between friends and help you become more†¦show more content†¦These drawbacks include too many people being reliant to talking online rather than in person and not verbally communicating with friends even though they are in the same room. Jasmine Fowlkes shows the reality in how social media is affecting our new generation through her article, â€Å"Viewpoint: Why Social Media is Destroying our Social Skills.† After discussing the results conducted by several researchers, Fowlkes states,â€Å"As more generations are born into the social age, social media will continue to be the favored communication form among young people. However, this shift may begin to affect their ability to properly communicate in person with peers.† Many start to rely on applications on our devices to talk to people, but this results in less verbal communication. In addition, Kelly-Fay’s Talktrack research study s howed that conversations held in person are much more impactful than on social media. Rather than making social media a huge part of your life, Fowlkes wishes that people would look up from their phones and engage more with others since that could change their lives. The effect of social media on interactions has always been a controversial topic between users and researchers. In a society where technology is taking over the world, it is important to question if there is a way for the government to limit social media use and where the problem lies, in the users or the creators. It is important to think about the effects that will take place onShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Social Media Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pages Social Media- Are We Using It The Wrong Way? 76% of American adults online use social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Pinterest. How many of those people are using Social media in a positive manner? Social media has advanced since the first social media sites. So many people use social media, but do we use it for the wrong thing? Social media is now mainly used to be negative by people cyberbullying, hacking, and feeling less confident, but we need to startRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Social Media875 Words   |  4 PagesThe more social media we have, the more we think were connecting, yet we’re really disconnecting from each other. Communication is a crucial part of the human life when it comes to interacting and progressing our society. Ever since the beginning of as much as we can remember, we’ve communicated in many forms such as body language, sign language and written language. Nowadays, we’ve taken socializing to a whole new level. We’ve constructed a form of typed language with the given name, social networkingRead MoreEssay On Pros And Cons Of Social Media1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Social Media in Todays Society Just like everything else in life, social media has pros and cons. However, the pros outweigh the cons. Social networking assists businesses in various different ways. While also helping people communicate more with others and to become more connected with them too. A fast and effortless way to spread and receive crucial information is through social media. In the beginning, it was just kids spending their time on websites like Facebook, MyspaceRead MorePros And Cons Of Social Media Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesWorld of Social Media Today’s world technology has grown to its peak and has given developers the opportunity to develop social media outlets which have been used around the world. For example, social media giant Facebook has a total of 2.07 billion daily users. These numbers are based on real figures while world population stands at 7.6 billion which means over 27% of the world are active Facebook users. Instagram is another social media outlet which lets you share your pictures with the worldRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Social Media Essay2626 Words   |  11 Pageslate.   However, in light of new technological advances in social media, a new â€Å"hang out† spot has become increasingly popular right from the security of one’s computer room.   Instead of being yelled at for dirtying their acid-washed jeans outside, today’s youth are yelled at right from the kitchen for spending too many hours hanging out with their â€Å"friends† on social networking sites like  Facebook  and  Twitter.  Ã‚  Researchers agree that social networking on popular websites like  Facebook  can have beneficialRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Social Media2236 Words   |  9 PagesAs a teenager associated with the â€Å"technological revolution†, it has only been fate to be consumed by the constant social media that surrounds our society. With a phone always in hand, and a new app ready to be downloaded, the people of the current generation are being mind-blocked by the tweets and posts of their numerous friends. As I walk down the hallway of my high school, I see the tops of my classmates heads. Resembling a kangaroo, they are hunched over, arms bent with an iPhone glued to theirRead MorePros and cons of English being the international lingua franca781 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Pros and cons of English being the international lingua franca English speakers in the world including those who are in the inner circle, outer circle and expanding circle had reached to 380 millions of people since 2001. The finding shows how influential English Language is. Gradually, English become the international lingua franca, â€Å"utilized outside of the country or countries of its origin.†( Subject Area - English Language Essays) The Lingua Franca There are both pros and cons of EnglishRead MoreSocial Media1160 Words   |  5 Pages 1. Social Media good or bad 2. It all started with AOL. a. Social media may very well be helping professionals network and new or existing businesses grow but are we willing to allow it to hinder the development of social skills and cause a new dangerous addiction? 3. Professional a) Pros: Job hunting, networking, latest and greatest in your field b) Cons: Companies with policies, distractions from work, not having a â€Å"filter† or restrictions 4. Personal a) Pros: CommunicationRead MoreThe Debate On Traditional Bullying And Cyber Bullying1152 Words   |  5 PagesAs social media gets popular and provides an easier access to the Internet, the more difficult it gets to control people’s outburst. Many people wonder, â€Å"What is the difference between traditional bullying and cyber bullying?† â€Å"What is cyber bullying?† Traditional bullying is when a person is bullying another person face to face. However, with cyber bullying is different. Cyber bullying occurs through out social media and on the Internet. Once in a while I overhear a person questioning about howRead MoreUU114 Assign 1 Essay Writting1536 Words   |  7 Pagessociety Discussion essay – Block pattern Title: Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks for censorship for a society C: Censorship L: benefits, drawbacks and Society D: Evaluate Introduction Context: Social issues Subject: Censorship Limited subject: benefits, drawbacks and society Issue: Censorship can have shortcomings but at the same time it is beneficial under some circumstances Thesis statement: Despite the fact that censorship is seems socially beneficial, this essay will also show some ideas

Job Analysis Methods Free Essays

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT 1 DETAILS OF METHODS OF GETTING INFORMATION FOR JOB ANALYSIS Job analysis may be defined as a methodical process of collecting information on the functionally relevant aspects of a job. It involves job description (determining the duties and skill requirements of a job) and job specification (determining the kind of person who should be hired for the job). The methods of Job Analysis are as follows: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Analysis Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTERVIEW METHOD This tool is considered to be very useful to the analysis of jobs. It is a method to collect a variety of information from an incumbent and supervisors by asking them (individually or as a group) to describe the tasks and duties performed. The benefits are that it allows the incumbent to describe tasks and duties that are not observable. However, they may exaggerate or omit tasks and duties. Three types of  interviews  are used to collect  job analysis  data: *  Individual  interviews  with each  employee. * Group  interviews  with groups of employees having the same job, and *  Interview  supervisor who are knowledgeable about the job  being analyzed. Interviews consist of structured Interviews and unstructured interviews. 2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHODS There are many techniques, one of them which is: 3. POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE (PAQ MODEL) This model developed by McCormick, Jeanerette, and Mecham (1972) is a structured instrument of job analysis to measure job characteristics and then associate them with human characteristics. It consists of 195 job elements that describe generic human behaviors during work activities. It includes: 1. Information input (where and how the worker gets information), 2. Mental processes (reasoning and other processes that workers use), 3. Work output (physical activities and tools used on the job), 4. Relationships with other persons, and 5. Job context (the physical and social contexts of work). Over the years it has been observed that there exists a wealth of research on the PAQ since it has yielded reasonably good reliability estimates and has been linked to several assessment tools. 4. OBSERVATION In this method incumbents are observed performing their jobs which enables the trained job analyst to obtain first-hand knowledge and information about the job being analyzed. This method is suited for jobs in which the work behaviors are 1) observable or 2) job tasks are short in duration or 3) jobs in which the job analyst can learn information about the job through observation. With observation, the trained job analyst can obtain first-hand knowledge and information about the job being analyzed. It allows the job analyst to see the work environment, tools and equipment used, interrelationships with other workers, and complexity of the job. 5. CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE (CIT model) This method applied to discover behaviors towards working which can help classify performance into a good and bad level. These  observations  are used to solve practical problems and develop psychological principles. The main purposes are building  job descriptions, job specification and job standards, creating a list of good and bad behaviors which can then be used for  performance appraisal and testing the effectiveness of  the job  description and job specification. . WORK SAMPLING This method is a  measurement technique  for  the  quantitative  analysis of  non-repetitive  or  irregularly occurring activity. Work sampling operates by an observer taking a series of random observations on a particular thing of interest (machine, operating room, dock etc. ) to observe its state (working, idle, sleeping etc. ). When enough samples are taken, an analysis of the observations yields a statistically valid indication of t he states for  each thing analyzed. It is relatively inexpensive to use and extremely helpful in providing a deeper understanding of all types of operations. 7. REPERTORY GRID The  repertory grid technique is a method for eliciting personal constructs, i. e. what people think about a given topic. It is based on George Kelly’s  Personal Construct Theory. It is called a ‘grid’ because one way of doing it is to use a matrix with the people along one side and the similarity and contrast poles along another side. The method is as follows: Identify a range of 10-20 people who do the job (these are called  elements). * Select three at random. * Select two that seem more similar in some way. * Identify what it is about them that is similar (this is the  similarity pole). * Identify what is different about the other person (this is the  contrast pole). * Repeat this until you have about 20 contrasts. * Thin this down to about 10 by combining similar contrasts. The remaining contrasts should give a good idea of the factors that make up the job. How to cite Job Analysis Methods, Essay examples

Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Question Explain Continuous Improvement and Total Quality Management process (PDCA Cycle) in detail including its philosophy and practices. Answer: Introduction: In this paper, decision making under uncertain conditions are defined and the impacts of the decision making under uncertainty. This report is all about the uncertainty in an engineering firm while developing a project. Sometimes, engineers have to take an early decision by uncertainty. The plan, check and act theory is also described in this report in details. PDCA is explained on the basis of philosophy and the practices. Uncertainty: Uncertainty is the most important factor for the decision making in engineering. In engineering, it is very hard to predict all the conditions. Some conditions are uncertain when a project is being developed. Most things can be certain. Only the condition which has happened in the past, those are certain but which yet not happened creates an uncertain condition. A complete project development life cycle is followed by engineers while developing a project.[1] Uncertainty is the condition of the wrong output or the condition where an unpredictable outcome comes. Continuous Improvement: The abbreviation for the continuous improvement process is CIP. It is the way to improve the quality of the project or the service application. The continuous improvement process o improves the process and service under comes the continuous improvement process. There may be positive and negative, both type efforts. It is also helpful to increase the efficiency of the company [2]. Mostly, Meta process of continuous improvement is used for most management system such as for project management and quality management. Continuous improvement process is the way to manage the quality that follows the quality assurance method to manage the quality. Continuous quality improvement mostly focuses on the process more than the individuals. It is necessary to promote the needs for objective data to improve the process of the quality management. Continuous quality improvement is the strategy and the philosophy of management by using which various issues can be resolved. Improving quality indicates the increasing level of the customer satisfaction.[3] It is helpful to achieve the success through meeting the requirements of those we serve. By using the scientific method, it is easy to sustain the continuous improvement making small changes through this process. Total Quality Management process (PDCA Cycle): Total quality management is the process to manage the quality of the product, service or any project application. Quality management is the step of the project development life cycle. Total quality management is carried out to improve the quality of services provided by a company. Total quality management is the term to describe the approach of the management long term success.[4]The customer satisfaction is the most important point to be taken. Total quality management is rational to the customer satisfaction. The total quality management can be improved only when all the staff or the employees of the company put their efforts to improve the quality o the product or the services. Total quality management involves the various processes such as improving the work environment, quality of the services and the products.[5] Apart from this, some principles of the total quality management are given here. Total quality management is the system of management to focus on the customer satisfaction. All the employees of a company have to work devotedly if they want a continuous improvement in the organization. There is a strategy that is used for the total quality management that is the effective communication among the employees to integrate the discipline of quality into all the activities and culture of the organization.[6] If the organization is the customer-focused then they can improve their product and services continuously because of the increasing expectation of the customer. The second principle is that all the employees should actively participate to achieve the goal of the company. If, all the employees will actively participate then the organization can move forward with a high degree of customer satisfaction. The third principle of the total quality management is the process centered. It depends on the way of thinking of the employees and the management. To provide the best software, the engineers of the company should think about all the fact which may affect the results of the project. To take the input from the external or internal supplier and then transform that input to get a targeted output is a series of the step of a process. Total quality management is the horizontal process which interconnects all the functions. Micro process is one process of the TQM that is used.[7] Micro process is used for the large process to develop an error free software. Strategy and systematic approaches are the two approaches which are very helpful to achieve the mission and goal of the company by achieving the targeted output of a project. According to the given details, it is clear that total quality management is the process of the continuous improvement by the use of PDCA cycle. PDCA: PDCA stand for the planning, do, check, Act. In the planning phase, the engineers decide what they will do in the project. In the development phase, the code of the project is developed, in check phase, the code will be reviewed whether it I right or not. In the last phase of PDCA that is acting, all the activities are defined that done in the do phase. This is a continuous process of improvement. In this, the process of the improvement never end.[8] PDCA is somehow related to the spiral development approach which is used in various areas such as software development. It provides an effective and practical approach to solve the problems and to change the decision taken under uncertainty. PDCA is also used in aerospace. It is also known as Deming cycle and Shewhart Cycle in practice. It is also important to find out all the factors which needs improvement and contributes a lot to improve the working environment and the quality of services of any organization. Examples: There are five examples of the making an uncertain decision and PDCA given. Kenneth H. Olsen, then president of Digital Equipment Corporation, said that there is no reason for any individual to have a computer in their home in 1977. The explosion was not inevitable in 1977 in the personal computer market. It was uncertain what industry experts were discussing at the time within the range of possibilities. The managers who were planning for that they suffered from uncertain decision paralysis. They avoid implementing critical strategy about the markets and product.[9] In Kaizen, continuous improvement takes places. There are continuous improvement activities maintained and improve all the function including the employee and the CEO. It is also applied to the logistics and purchasing process. It is also applied in the healthcare industry. Its aim is to eliminate all the affecting factors by improving standardized activities.[10] In this example, uncertainty is relevant to take the decision, In airlines industry, the managers are trying to develop a new strategy to the entry of lees cost and no-frills competitors into the hub airport of this. To implement a strategic decision, the executives of airlines are not aware of that it will respond with a less cost service. The uncertain decision is taken for creating the strategy for the less cost entry into the hub of its airport.[11] This process is used in the electrical industry; there was an uncertainty to invest the capital on which type of fuel as gas or any other fuel. So, it was used to derive the uncertainty ranges of the prices in future of the fuel or for forecasting the prices. In this example, in U.S long-distance telephone providers in late 1995, the executive started to develop the strategies to enter the local telephone markets. In 1995, the legislation was pending in Congress that was fundamentally deregulated and board from those new regulations would clear to the industry observers. The outcome is discrete but it is unpredictable. But the legislation was going to pass or not and it would be implemented how quickly in the event it did pass were uncertain. Conclusion: The PDCA process is very necessary for the improvement in the company. There is uncertainty in an engineering project. Sometimes, more than one result of a project is predicted at the time of development. It is difficult to predict which result will come. It is not easy to predict the final result of the project, so an uncertain condition exists. At the time of the development of the project, PDCA process can be used to make a certain result[12]. A continuous improvement process for any service and product can be achieved by using plan, development, check and act process. The goal of the company can be achieved by using PDCA. In short we can say that, an uncertain decision making can occur at the time of development of any project, because to predict future is very uncertain. So, by using the PDCA process in the engineering project, the product and services can be improved which is very helpful to achieve the goal of the company. Engineers need to research the market and then they should use the PDCA cycle to improve the project and make that flexible and efficient. Bibliography: Auer, R., 2015, October. USING PLAN DO CHECK ACT (PDCA) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT CYCLES TO IMPLEMENT PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS AMONG PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS IN SWITZERLAND. In37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Smdm. Auer, R., 2015, October. USING PLAN DO CHECK ACT (PDCA) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT CYCLES TO IMPLEMENT PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS AMONG PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS IN SWITZERLAND. In37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Smdm. Candas, B., Jobin, G., Dub, C., Tousignant, M., Abdeljelil, A.B., Grenier, S. and Gagnon, M.P., 2015. Barriers and facilitators to implementing continuous quality improvement programs in colonoscopy services: a mixed methods systematic review.Endoscopy International Open. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. He, J., Zhang, Y., Li, X. and Shi, P., 2012. Learning naive Bayes classifiers from positive and unlabelled examples with uncertainty.International Journal of Systems Science,43(10), pp.1805-1825. Hunter, S.B., Ober, A.J., Paddock, S.M., Hunt, P. and Levan, D., 2014. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) in Addiction Treatment Settings. Jormanainen, I. and Koveshnikov, P.C.A., 2012. International activities of emerging market firms.Management International Review,52(5), pp.691-725. Ki, E.J., Kim, J.N. and Ledingham, J.A. eds., 2015.Public relations as relationship management: A relational approach to the study and practice of public relations. Routledge. Knight, F.H., 2012.Risk, uncertainty and profit. Courier Corporation. Moore, J., 2013. Pecuniary Externality through Credit Constraints: Two Examples of Uncertainty. Oakland, J.S., 2014.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Sallis, E., 2014.Total quality management in education. Routledge. Walter, C.A., McCoyd, J.L. and Walter, P.C.A., 2015.Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective. Springer Publishing Company.