Punishment Essay - 1120 Words

There are many explanations for what punishment characterises. For Emile Durkheim, punishment was mainly an expression of social solidarity and not a form of crime control. Here, the offender attacks the social moral order by committing a crime and therefore, has to be punished, to show that this moral order still quot;worksquot;. Durkheims theory suggests that punishment must be visible to everyone, and so expresses the outrage of all members of society against the challenge to their collective values. The form of punishment changes between mechanic (torture, execution) and organic (prison) solidarity because the values of society change but the idea behind punishing, the essence, stays the same - keeping the moral order intact not†¦show more content†¦Therefore, these social rules, customs and traditions all form a culture, which gives different societies their unique characteristic. In relation to punishment, Durkheims approach considers the importance of punishment for this social solidarity. Durkheim s theory of punishment is a part of a bigger theory based on law, in The Division of Labour in Society (1960) which then developed into Two Laws of Penal Evolution (1984) In The Division of Labour in Society, Durkheim analyses the differences between modern industrial society and forms of society which went before it, and his main concern is to locate the sources and type of social solidarity - the common feelings customs and traditions that make people recognise themselves as part of the same society - in the modern industrial state. In Durkheims view, a pre-industrial society consists of individuals carrying out the same tasks, or shared life experiences, with the exception of a few i.e. priests and rulers). There will therefore be solidarity based on similarity in shared beliefs, understandings and tradition. (Hudson, 1996,P2) This, as Durkheim calls it, is mechanic solidarity, where the shared rules and customs will function to keep society alive and up and running. In comparison, if and when theShow MoreRelatedPunishment : Punishment And Removal Punishment1166 Words   |  5 PagesPunishment Punishment is a consequence that decreases the frequency of the behavior it follows. There are two different categories that punishment can fall under: presentation punishment and removal punishment. Presentation punishment involves introducing a new and unpleasant stimulus. Removal punishment involves removing a wanted stimulus. Punishment in educational settings has been a particularly controversial subject, since many people view punishment as something barbaric or cruel. Also, ifRead MorePunishment Is The Punishment An Individual948 Words   |  4 PagesRetribution can be described with these two words: Deserved Punishment. Retribution is the punishment an individual receives contingent upon the severity of their wrong doings. They must â€Å"pay their debts†. The authors of the text â€Å"Criminal Justice in America† mentions that if the government fails to sentence the individual to an appropriate amount of punishment, society will take the situation into their own hands (Cole, Smith and DeJong 277). If a murderer receives 5 years in prison, the familyRead MorePunishment Is A Necessary Evil And Punishment2306 Words   |  10 Pageshistory, prisons and other institutions did not only punish the guilty, but control those otherwise socially excluded from society by reasons of poverty, gender or social class. (Some of the most fundamental divisions in society.) Punishment is a necessary evil and punishment is evoked when someone is believed to have done wrong. It symbolizes and erects moral judgment and sustains solidarity and collective consciousness. [Cesaroni 2010] Prison is just one of a number of sanctions available to the courtsRead MoreA Problem of Punishment1000 Words   |  4 Pagesinevitably ruin it if we don’t fix him now,† Ivan emotionally said. The decision to send Sasha to court and let him handle this situation on his own was tough, but final. Ivan and the Colonel broke the news to Sasha who showed no emotion to the punishment they had enforced on him. He sat there, listened to their â€Å"reasoning† for why they were sending him to court and got up and left. A few days had gone by and Sasha had been forced to stay within the premise of his family’s house. Now, he was goingRead MorePunishment Vs Rehabilitation Essays : Punishment And Rehabilitation1383 Words   |  6 PagesRebelo 1 Michelle Rebelo PS 102-01: Dr. Howell Williams May 11, 2017 Punishment vs Rehabilitation In all of the countries on Earth, there is some form of system that criminals go through when they commit a crime. Some are harsher than others, and each is different. But which is most effective and beneficial to society as a whole? Here in America, our criminal system is very militaristic, we are punishers. But maybe it’s time for that to change. Before the 1970’s, American prisons held the mentalRead MorePunishment or Rehabilitation?2327 Words   |  10 PagesRunning head: PUNISHMENT OR REHABILITATION? Punishment or Rehabilitation? Tanisha Denson-Hodge University of Phoenix - Online Survey of Justice and Security CJA 500 Mark McCoy, Ed. D Nov 18, 2006 Abstract The debate between punishment and rehabilitation for criminal offenders has been an ongoing issue for many years. What is the true focus of our criminal justice system today? Some argue that it is to punish those that choose to disobey the laws of the land and indulge in criminalRead MoreTheories of Punishment3436 Words   |  14 PagesTheories of why we punish offenders are crucial to the understanding of criminal law; in fact it is not easy to define legal punishment, however one thing is clear within the different theories of punishment is that they all require justification.[1] There are many theories of punishment yet they are predominantly broken down into two main categories. The utilitarian theory seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or â€Å"deter,† future wrong doing. The retributive theory seeks to punish offendersRead MoreCrime And Punishment And The Punishment2363 Words   |  10 Pagescommitted has a punishment that goes hand in hand with it. The natur e of the crime determines the punishment that follows it. The nature of the punishment also depends on the law that operates in the country in which the crime is committed. Different crimes attract different penalties. For instance, crimes involving murder may attract capital punishment on the criminal, or life jail sentence depending on the circumstances surrounding the murder. Capital offences do attract capital punishments as well, andRead MoreThe Corporal Punishment Of Children1223 Words   |  5 Pages Corporal Punishment of Children Thesis: Although using the corporal punishment method in schools is intended to change the behavior of the student, teachers should not be allowed to use this method to punish students because it’s not effective for the child’s behavioral change, and it affects the child’s behavior mentally and physically. I.Hurts the child physically and abuses the child right II. Destructive rather than constructive A. Many people believe that corporal punishment is a methodRead MoreThe Effect Of Punishment On Children Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pages1. Punishment is defined as reduction in the strength of a behavior because of its consequences. For example, your child misses their curfew one night and you punish them by saying they can’t go out for two weeks, it is more likely then the child will not miss their curfew again because of the negative consequence and therefore reducing or decreasing the behavior of missing one’s curfew. Skinner’s view in 1938 was that punishment suppresses behavior but only for a short period of time. He came

Pros And Cons Of Social Media Essay - 1598 Words

Draft of English Argument/Research Essay Serin Kim Period 4 A prevalent issue regarding social media and interactions exists between researchers and social network users. Social media is currently changing how relationships between people are created. Relationships can exist through people across the world through social media and can produce more emotional bonds with friends that you can see everyday. On the other hand, social media also could present conflicts due to the fact that some of these relationships can become unhealthy and that people could change to be more dependent on internet friends, becoming introverted. Social media benefits interactions because it can strengthen bonds between friends and help you become more†¦show more content†¦These drawbacks include too many people being reliant to talking online rather than in person and not verbally communicating with friends even though they are in the same room. Jasmine Fowlkes shows the reality in how social media is affecting our new generation through her article, â€Å"Viewpoint: Why Social Media is Destroying our Social Skills.† After discussing the results conducted by several researchers, Fowlkes states,â€Å"As more generations are born into the social age, social media will continue to be the favored communication form among young people. However, this shift may begin to affect their ability to properly communicate in person with peers.† Many start to rely on applications on our devices to talk to people, but this results in less verbal communication. In addition, Kelly-Fay’s Talktrack research study s howed that conversations held in person are much more impactful than on social media. Rather than making social media a huge part of your life, Fowlkes wishes that people would look up from their phones and engage more with others since that could change their lives. The effect of social media on interactions has always been a controversial topic between users and researchers. In a society where technology is taking over the world, it is important to question if there is a way for the government to limit social media use and where the problem lies, in the users or the creators. It is important to think about the effects that will take place onShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Social Media Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pages Social Media- Are We Using It The Wrong Way? 76% of American adults online use social networking sites such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Pinterest. How many of those people are using Social media in a positive manner? Social media has advanced since the first social media sites. So many people use social media, but do we use it for the wrong thing? Social media is now mainly used to be negative by people cyberbullying, hacking, and feeling less confident, but we need to startRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Social Media875 Words   |  4 PagesThe more social media we have, the more we think were connecting, yet we’re really disconnecting from each other. Communication is a crucial part of the human life when it comes to interacting and progressing our society. Ever since the beginning of as much as we can remember, we’ve communicated in many forms such as body language, sign language and written language. Nowadays, we’ve taken socializing to a whole new level. We’ve constructed a form of typed language with the given name, social networkingRead MoreEssay On Pros And Cons Of Social Media1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Social Media in Todays Society Just like everything else in life, social media has pros and cons. However, the pros outweigh the cons. Social networking assists businesses in various different ways. While also helping people communicate more with others and to become more connected with them too. A fast and effortless way to spread and receive crucial information is through social media. In the beginning, it was just kids spending their time on websites like Facebook, MyspaceRead MorePros And Cons Of Social Media Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesWorld of Social Media Today’s world technology has grown to its peak and has given developers the opportunity to develop social media outlets which have been used around the world. For example, social media giant Facebook has a total of 2.07 billion daily users. These numbers are based on real figures while world population stands at 7.6 billion which means over 27% of the world are active Facebook users. Instagram is another social media outlet which lets you share your pictures with the worldRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Social Media Essay2626 Words   |  11 Pageslate.   However, in light of new technological advances in social media, a new â€Å"hang out† spot has become increasingly popular right from the security of one’s computer room.   Instead of being yelled at for dirtying their acid-washed jeans outside, today’s youth are yelled at right from the kitchen for spending too many hours hanging out with their â€Å"friends† on social networking sites like  Facebook  and  Twitter.  Ã‚  Researchers agree that social networking on popular websites like  Facebook  can have beneficialRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Social Media2236 Words   |  9 PagesAs a teenager associated with the â€Å"technological revolution†, it has only been fate to be consumed by the constant social media that surrounds our society. With a phone always in hand, and a new app ready to be downloaded, the people of the current generation are being mind-blocked by the tweets and posts of their numerous friends. As I walk down the hallway of my high school, I see the tops of my classmates heads. Resembling a kangaroo, they are hunched over, arms bent with an iPhone glued to theirRead MorePros and cons of English being the international lingua franca781 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Pros and cons of English being the international lingua franca English speakers in the world including those who are in the inner circle, outer circle and expanding circle had reached to 380 millions of people since 2001. The finding shows how influential English Language is. Gradually, English become the international lingua franca, â€Å"utilized outside of the country or countries of its origin.†( Subject Area - English Language Essays) The Lingua Franca There are both pros and cons of EnglishRead MoreSocial Media1160 Words   |  5 Pages 1. Social Media good or bad 2. It all started with AOL. a. Social media may very well be helping professionals network and new or existing businesses grow but are we willing to allow it to hinder the development of social skills and cause a new dangerous addiction? 3. Professional a) Pros: Job hunting, networking, latest and greatest in your field b) Cons: Companies with policies, distractions from work, not having a â€Å"filter† or restrictions 4. Personal a) Pros: CommunicationRead MoreThe Debate On Traditional Bullying And Cyber Bullying1152 Words   |  5 PagesAs social media gets popular and provides an easier access to the Internet, the more difficult it gets to control people’s outburst. Many people wonder, â€Å"What is the difference between traditional bullying and cyber bullying?† â€Å"What is cyber bullying?† Traditional bullying is when a person is bullying another person face to face. However, with cyber bullying is different. Cyber bullying occurs through out social media and on the Internet. Once in a while I overhear a person questioning about howRead MoreUU114 Assign 1 Essay Writting1536 Words   |  7 Pagessociety Discussion essay – Block pattern Title: Evaluate the benefits and drawbacks for censorship for a society C: Censorship L: benefits, drawbacks and Society D: Evaluate Introduction Context: Social issues Subject: Censorship Limited subject: benefits, drawbacks and society Issue: Censorship can have shortcomings but at the same time it is beneficial under some circumstances Thesis statement: Despite the fact that censorship is seems socially beneficial, this essay will also show some ideas

Job Analysis Methods Free Essays

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT 1 DETAILS OF METHODS OF GETTING INFORMATION FOR JOB ANALYSIS Job analysis may be defined as a methodical process of collecting information on the functionally relevant aspects of a job. It involves job description (determining the duties and skill requirements of a job) and job specification (determining the kind of person who should be hired for the job). The methods of Job Analysis are as follows: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Analysis Methods or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTERVIEW METHOD This tool is considered to be very useful to the analysis of jobs. It is a method to collect a variety of information from an incumbent and supervisors by asking them (individually or as a group) to describe the tasks and duties performed. The benefits are that it allows the incumbent to describe tasks and duties that are not observable. However, they may exaggerate or omit tasks and duties. Three types of  interviews  are used to collect  job analysis  data: *  Individual  interviews  with each  employee. * Group  interviews  with groups of employees having the same job, and *  Interview  supervisor who are knowledgeable about the job  being analyzed. Interviews consist of structured Interviews and unstructured interviews. 2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHODS There are many techniques, one of them which is: 3. POSITION ANALYSIS QUESTIONNAIRE (PAQ MODEL) This model developed by McCormick, Jeanerette, and Mecham (1972) is a structured instrument of job analysis to measure job characteristics and then associate them with human characteristics. It consists of 195 job elements that describe generic human behaviors during work activities. It includes: 1. Information input (where and how the worker gets information), 2. Mental processes (reasoning and other processes that workers use), 3. Work output (physical activities and tools used on the job), 4. Relationships with other persons, and 5. Job context (the physical and social contexts of work). Over the years it has been observed that there exists a wealth of research on the PAQ since it has yielded reasonably good reliability estimates and has been linked to several assessment tools. 4. OBSERVATION In this method incumbents are observed performing their jobs which enables the trained job analyst to obtain first-hand knowledge and information about the job being analyzed. This method is suited for jobs in which the work behaviors are 1) observable or 2) job tasks are short in duration or 3) jobs in which the job analyst can learn information about the job through observation. With observation, the trained job analyst can obtain first-hand knowledge and information about the job being analyzed. It allows the job analyst to see the work environment, tools and equipment used, interrelationships with other workers, and complexity of the job. 5. CRITICAL INCIDENT TECHNIQUE (CIT model) This method applied to discover behaviors towards working which can help classify performance into a good and bad level. These  observations  are used to solve practical problems and develop psychological principles. The main purposes are building  job descriptions, job specification and job standards, creating a list of good and bad behaviors which can then be used for  performance appraisal and testing the effectiveness of  the job  description and job specification. . WORK SAMPLING This method is a  measurement technique  for  the  quantitative  analysis of  non-repetitive  or  irregularly occurring activity. Work sampling operates by an observer taking a series of random observations on a particular thing of interest (machine, operating room, dock etc. ) to observe its state (working, idle, sleeping etc. ). When enough samples are taken, an analysis of the observations yields a statistically valid indication of t he states for  each thing analyzed. It is relatively inexpensive to use and extremely helpful in providing a deeper understanding of all types of operations. 7. REPERTORY GRID The  repertory grid technique is a method for eliciting personal constructs, i. e. what people think about a given topic. It is based on George Kelly’s  Personal Construct Theory. It is called a ‘grid’ because one way of doing it is to use a matrix with the people along one side and the similarity and contrast poles along another side. The method is as follows: Identify a range of 10-20 people who do the job (these are called  elements). * Select three at random. * Select two that seem more similar in some way. * Identify what it is about them that is similar (this is the  similarity pole). * Identify what is different about the other person (this is the  contrast pole). * Repeat this until you have about 20 contrasts. * Thin this down to about 10 by combining similar contrasts. The remaining contrasts should give a good idea of the factors that make up the job. How to cite Job Analysis Methods, Essay examples

Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Question Explain Continuous Improvement and Total Quality Management process (PDCA Cycle) in detail including its philosophy and practices. Answer: Introduction: In this paper, decision making under uncertain conditions are defined and the impacts of the decision making under uncertainty. This report is all about the uncertainty in an engineering firm while developing a project. Sometimes, engineers have to take an early decision by uncertainty. The plan, check and act theory is also described in this report in details. PDCA is explained on the basis of philosophy and the practices. Uncertainty: Uncertainty is the most important factor for the decision making in engineering. In engineering, it is very hard to predict all the conditions. Some conditions are uncertain when a project is being developed. Most things can be certain. Only the condition which has happened in the past, those are certain but which yet not happened creates an uncertain condition. A complete project development life cycle is followed by engineers while developing a project.[1] Uncertainty is the condition of the wrong output or the condition where an unpredictable outcome comes. Continuous Improvement: The abbreviation for the continuous improvement process is CIP. It is the way to improve the quality of the project or the service application. The continuous improvement process o improves the process and service under comes the continuous improvement process. There may be positive and negative, both type efforts. It is also helpful to increase the efficiency of the company [2]. Mostly, Meta process of continuous improvement is used for most management system such as for project management and quality management. Continuous improvement process is the way to manage the quality that follows the quality assurance method to manage the quality. Continuous quality improvement mostly focuses on the process more than the individuals. It is necessary to promote the needs for objective data to improve the process of the quality management. Continuous quality improvement is the strategy and the philosophy of management by using which various issues can be resolved. Improving quality indicates the increasing level of the customer satisfaction.[3] It is helpful to achieve the success through meeting the requirements of those we serve. By using the scientific method, it is easy to sustain the continuous improvement making small changes through this process. Total Quality Management process (PDCA Cycle): Total quality management is the process to manage the quality of the product, service or any project application. Quality management is the step of the project development life cycle. Total quality management is carried out to improve the quality of services provided by a company. Total quality management is the term to describe the approach of the management long term success.[4]The customer satisfaction is the most important point to be taken. Total quality management is rational to the customer satisfaction. The total quality management can be improved only when all the staff or the employees of the company put their efforts to improve the quality o the product or the services. Total quality management involves the various processes such as improving the work environment, quality of the services and the products.[5] Apart from this, some principles of the total quality management are given here. Total quality management is the system of management to focus on the customer satisfaction. All the employees of a company have to work devotedly if they want a continuous improvement in the organization. There is a strategy that is used for the total quality management that is the effective communication among the employees to integrate the discipline of quality into all the activities and culture of the organization.[6] If the organization is the customer-focused then they can improve their product and services continuously because of the increasing expectation of the customer. The second principle is that all the employees should actively participate to achieve the goal of the company. If, all the employees will actively participate then the organization can move forward with a high degree of customer satisfaction. The third principle of the total quality management is the process centered. It depends on the way of thinking of the employees and the management. To provide the best software, the engineers of the company should think about all the fact which may affect the results of the project. To take the input from the external or internal supplier and then transform that input to get a targeted output is a series of the step of a process. Total quality management is the horizontal process which interconnects all the functions. Micro process is one process of the TQM that is used.[7] Micro process is used for the large process to develop an error free software. Strategy and systematic approaches are the two approaches which are very helpful to achieve the mission and goal of the company by achieving the targeted output of a project. According to the given details, it is clear that total quality management is the process of the continuous improvement by the use of PDCA cycle. PDCA: PDCA stand for the planning, do, check, Act. In the planning phase, the engineers decide what they will do in the project. In the development phase, the code of the project is developed, in check phase, the code will be reviewed whether it I right or not. In the last phase of PDCA that is acting, all the activities are defined that done in the do phase. This is a continuous process of improvement. In this, the process of the improvement never end.[8] PDCA is somehow related to the spiral development approach which is used in various areas such as software development. It provides an effective and practical approach to solve the problems and to change the decision taken under uncertainty. PDCA is also used in aerospace. It is also known as Deming cycle and Shewhart Cycle in practice. It is also important to find out all the factors which needs improvement and contributes a lot to improve the working environment and the quality of services of any organization. Examples: There are five examples of the making an uncertain decision and PDCA given. Kenneth H. Olsen, then president of Digital Equipment Corporation, said that there is no reason for any individual to have a computer in their home in 1977. The explosion was not inevitable in 1977 in the personal computer market. It was uncertain what industry experts were discussing at the time within the range of possibilities. The managers who were planning for that they suffered from uncertain decision paralysis. They avoid implementing critical strategy about the markets and product.[9] In Kaizen, continuous improvement takes places. There are continuous improvement activities maintained and improve all the function including the employee and the CEO. It is also applied to the logistics and purchasing process. It is also applied in the healthcare industry. Its aim is to eliminate all the affecting factors by improving standardized activities.[10] In this example, uncertainty is relevant to take the decision, In airlines industry, the managers are trying to develop a new strategy to the entry of lees cost and no-frills competitors into the hub airport of this. To implement a strategic decision, the executives of airlines are not aware of that it will respond with a less cost service. The uncertain decision is taken for creating the strategy for the less cost entry into the hub of its airport.[11] This process is used in the electrical industry; there was an uncertainty to invest the capital on which type of fuel as gas or any other fuel. So, it was used to derive the uncertainty ranges of the prices in future of the fuel or for forecasting the prices. In this example, in U.S long-distance telephone providers in late 1995, the executive started to develop the strategies to enter the local telephone markets. In 1995, the legislation was pending in Congress that was fundamentally deregulated and board from those new regulations would clear to the industry observers. The outcome is discrete but it is unpredictable. But the legislation was going to pass or not and it would be implemented how quickly in the event it did pass were uncertain. Conclusion: The PDCA process is very necessary for the improvement in the company. There is uncertainty in an engineering project. Sometimes, more than one result of a project is predicted at the time of development. It is difficult to predict which result will come. It is not easy to predict the final result of the project, so an uncertain condition exists. At the time of the development of the project, PDCA process can be used to make a certain result[12]. A continuous improvement process for any service and product can be achieved by using plan, development, check and act process. The goal of the company can be achieved by using PDCA. In short we can say that, an uncertain decision making can occur at the time of development of any project, because to predict future is very uncertain. So, by using the PDCA process in the engineering project, the product and services can be improved which is very helpful to achieve the goal of the company. Engineers need to research the market and then they should use the PDCA cycle to improve the project and make that flexible and efficient. Bibliography: Auer, R., 2015, October. USING PLAN DO CHECK ACT (PDCA) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT CYCLES TO IMPLEMENT PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS AMONG PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS IN SWITZERLAND. In37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Smdm. Auer, R., 2015, October. USING PLAN DO CHECK ACT (PDCA) QUALITY IMPROVEMENT CYCLES TO IMPLEMENT PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS AMONG PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS IN SWITZERLAND. In37th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Smdm. Candas, B., Jobin, G., Dub, C., Tousignant, M., Abdeljelil, A.B., Grenier, S. and Gagnon, M.P., 2015. Barriers and facilitators to implementing continuous quality improvement programs in colonoscopy services: a mixed methods systematic review.Endoscopy International Open. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. He, J., Zhang, Y., Li, X. and Shi, P., 2012. Learning naive Bayes classifiers from positive and unlabelled examples with uncertainty.International Journal of Systems Science,43(10), pp.1805-1825. Hunter, S.B., Ober, A.J., Paddock, S.M., Hunt, P. and Levan, D., 2014. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) in Addiction Treatment Settings. Jormanainen, I. and Koveshnikov, P.C.A., 2012. International activities of emerging market firms.Management International Review,52(5), pp.691-725. Ki, E.J., Kim, J.N. and Ledingham, J.A. eds., 2015.Public relations as relationship management: A relational approach to the study and practice of public relations. Routledge. Knight, F.H., 2012.Risk, uncertainty and profit. Courier Corporation. Moore, J., 2013. Pecuniary Externality through Credit Constraints: Two Examples of Uncertainty. Oakland, J.S., 2014.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Sallis, E., 2014.Total quality management in education. Routledge. Walter, C.A., McCoyd, J.L. and Walter, P.C.A., 2015.Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective. Springer Publishing Company.

digestive system Essays (699 words) - Digestive System, Stomach

The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract?a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus?and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine?also called the colon?rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a layer of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it along the tract. Two ?solid? digestive organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gallbladder stores the liver?s digestive juices until they are needed in the intestine. Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play major roles in the digestive system When you eat foods?such as bread, meat, and vegetables?they are not in a form that the body can use as nourishment. Food and drink must be changed into smaller molecules of nutrients before they can be absorbed into the blood and carried to cells throughout the body. Digestion is the process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy. Digestion involves mixing food with digestive juices, moving it through the digestive tract, and breaking down large molecules of food into smaller molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth, when you chew and swallow, and is completed in the small intestine. The large, hollow organs of the digestive tract contain a layer of muscle that enables their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can propel food and liquid through the system and also can mix the contents within each organ. Food moves from one organ to the next through muscle action called peristalsis. Peristalsis looks like an ocean wave traveling through the muscle. The muscle of the organ contracts to create a narrowing and then propels the narrowed portion slowly down the length of the organ. These waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ. The first major muscle movement occurs when food or liquid is swallowed. Although you are able to start swallowing by choice, once the swallow begins, it becomes involuntary and proceeds under the control of the nerves. Swallowed food is pushed into the esophagus, which connects the throat above with the stomach below. At the junction of the esophagus and stomach, there is a ring like muscle, called the lower esophageal sphincter, closing the passage between the two organs. As food approaches the closed sphincter, the sphincter relaxes and allows the food to pass through to the stomach. The stomach has three mechanical tasks. First, it stores the swallowed food and liquid. To do this, the muscle of the upper part of the stomach relaxes to accept large volumes of swallowed material. The second job is to mix up the food, liquid, and digestive juice produced by the stomach. The lower part of the stomach mixes these materials by its muscle action. The third task of the stomach is to empty its contents slowly into the small intestine. Several factors affect emptying of the stomach, including the kind of food and the degree of muscle action of the emptying stomach and the small intestine. Carbohydrates, for example, spend the least amount of time in the stomach, while protein stays in the stomach longer, and fats the longest. As the food dissolves into the juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, the contents of the intestine are mixed and pushed forward to allow further digestion. Finally, the digested nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls and transported throughout the body. The waste products of this process include undigested parts of the food, known as fiber, and older cells that have been shed from the mucosa. These materials are pushed into the colon, where they remain until the feces are expelled by a bowel movement.

Indian Removal essays

Indian Removal essays The 1830s removal of the Cherokee Indians from their ancestral land to distant reservations in Oklahoma, known as the Trail of Tears, represented a marked divergence from American national policy. The decision made by the Jackson administration differed in two conspicuous ways: the removal proceeded from a gross breach of treaty and sovereignty rather than a coerced Teformulation of a treaty; it defied the entire Judicial branch of government by going against the Supreme Court. Although the historical trend was building up to greater and greater clashes between Indians, the national policy had not overtly changed until Jackson proposed the Indian Removal Act. Beginning in 1721 the colonies had made treaties with Native Americans (Doc. A). Successive US Treaties took away successive amounts of land (Doc. A). Although coerced, these treaties were superficially legal. Henry Knox, secretary of war under Washingtons administration and negotiator of the Cherokee Treaty of Holston, summarized the possibilities for the United States as follows, ...two modes present themselves...; the first of which is by raising an army and [destroying the resisting] tribes entirely, or 2ndly by forming treaties of peace with them (Doc. B). America did in fact employ both options; taking away increasing amounts of lands from Indians via treaties and outright conquering the lands of Indians who resisted. However, Knox further observed, An inquiry would arise, whether ...the United States have a clear right ... to proceed with the destruction or expulsion of the savages ...The Indians being the prior occupants possess the right of the soil. It cannot be taken from them unless by their free consent, or by the right of conquest of a just war. (Doc B). As this is the national policy existing under Washington, it can clearly be seen to be contrary to Jackson who removed the ...

Whiteness in Historical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Whiteness in Historical Research - Essay Example and 2000; Roediger, 1993; Allen, 1994). These studies are normally addressed as 'whiteness studies'. Although the term 'whiteness studies' is often perceived negatively as promoting white identity and being an element of a racist discrediting of political correctness and increasingly popular tendency of multiculturalism in all spheres of life, such perception is not fully correct. On the contrary, virtually all the whiteness studies tend to confront white privilege, which is the cornerstone of modern racism, while their authors "...see a close link between their scholarly efforts and the goal of creating a more humane social order" (Kolchin, 2002). There are many approaches in whiteness studies (e.g. white identity construction, public policies, economics, education, etc), but the primary goal of whiteness theory is make white cultural and political assumptions and privileges visible so that those with white skin do not assume that their own position is neutral or normal (Jensen, 2005). However, the whiteness theory should in no way be considered a synonym for multicultural theory: these two are distinct perspectives though their goals may be similar. Multicultural theory usually seeks to promote an appreciation of minor cultures within the contexts of dominant cultures and may also involve criticism of some assumptions fostered within the dominant culture. Yet, since the multicultural perspective is predominantly concerned with fostering authentic understanding of minor cultures, they usually do not focus on the issue of how the dominant white culture in such countries as the U.K., U.S. promotes and maintains the established patterns of the whiteness typically associated with the so-called 'white privilege'. By contrast, whiteness theory highlights the problem of whiteness as a sum of political, social, and cultural status and identity which, to a large extent, are gained at the expense of non-white group (Hague et al., 2005). Although the issue of whiteness - in some or other form - has been with the Western countries for ages, the recent explosion of whiteness related publications relies upon a solid body of research literature written largely by writers of non-white descent over the last fifty years (Roediger, 1999). These works predominantly explore the concept and definitions of race and the social construction of white and non-white identities within the numerous contexts of slavery, citizenship, colonial settlement, growth of cities and industrial labour, etc. (Bonnett, 2000). Modern authors lean toward the opinion that the concept of whiteness was first identified with racial issues by Europeans whom made it into essence of their community. From this perspective, European discourse of whiteness differs from, for example, Asian discourse which has never been 'racialised' (Dyer, 1997). Although there is ongoing debate on the first use of racial whiteness, Jordan (1977) traces the evolution of the legally defined line between 'blacks' and 'whites' to British colonial government efforts to prevent cross-racial revolts among unpaid labourers in the early 1600's. Allen (1994) believes that racialisation of whiteness occurred in the 18th century U.S. when the country's business and political elites attempted to

The Process of Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Process of Parenting - Essay Example In fact, the punishment may be not related to mistakes done by the child. For instance, an example of punishment and discipline can be applied to distinguish both of them when a child does wrong things. In this case, of a four-year old child throws his or her crayons on the floor, punishment can be inflicted by telling them that they are undisciplined and slapping their fingers. On the other hand, discipline was be imposed by making them pick their crayons; in fact, there is a need to issue them an explanation that by throwing the crayons on the floor, they can get broken. In addition, the crayons should also be put out of their reach for a period. Erikson asserted that during this stage, children develop a sense of fundamental trust and their aptitude to influence events surrounding them. However, their development is based on the regularity, predictability and consistency, which leads to development of a sense of trust. On the other hand, a child also carries a fundamental sense of mistrust if they are subjected to a harsh and inconsistent, unreliable conditions (Doug & Clifton, 1995). Erikson claims that this is a stage involving development of a particular amount of independence or autonomy. Moreover, during their stage the children require support offered to avoid encountering of only failures and mockery. On the other hand, if children are criticized, over controlled or denied a chance to assert themselves, they develop a feeling of inadequacy, thereby becoming dependent upon others. In this case, they develop a low self-esteem, which is considered a sense of shame (Doug & Clifton, 1995). Erikson contends that children undergo frequent assertion, whereby they commence planning their activities and initiating these activities. Therefore, in this stage they get a chance to develop a sense of initiative and security through their ability to make decisions. On the other hand, if they are criticized and controlled, they develop a sense of guilt and

FIRST literacy experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FIRST literacy experience - Essay Example The semester has been taken as the most tenable timeframe for observing a literacy experience since it is the most minimal testable and evaluable unit of time. At first, my literacy experience in college was premised upon paying critical attention, as a way of getting meaning out of the scholarly texts I engaged with and lectures and discussions I attended. I had rightly surmised that this was the best way of comprehending the concepts that had been taught and those that had been scheduled for the semester’s outline. As a matter of fact, understanding these course concepts were of great importance since that was the essence of education and a sure way of excelling in college exams. In a closely related wavelength, I would get out of my way to engage past end-of-semester exams to have a gist of the manner in which exams were set. This learning strategy saw me through most of the assignments and continuous assessment exams. However, with the accentuation of time within the first semester, I came to the realization that I was not engaging the best approach and attitude to my scholarly journey in college. This is especially after I had an encounter with critical and creative thinking. I realized that like many, I had mistakenly relegated critical and creative thinking and its facets to humanities and cognitive sciences. Because of my encounter with critical thinking I came to realize that learning is a complex whole which comprises critical attention, critical thinking and active participation, commonly known as the reader-response criticism. It is from this point that I came to realize the importance of translating texts into conceptual terms of cultural, metaphysical and psychological realities, over the traditional interpretative approach. In respect to the foregoing, I embraced and began to adopt the psychoanalytic approach as a way of carrying out intellectual and academic engagements. In the psychoanalytic approach, all literary experiences are defined , qualified and appraised in relation to psychological processes such as projection, introjections, defense mechanisms and identification. Nevertheless, I realized that the method described herein requires more and wider reading exercises so as to have a strong grasp on the concept being taught. It is from this point that of great understanding that I as any other individual following this path was able to: unconsciously develop a love for the discipline I was dabbling in; form impromptu questions in my mind, note them down for further investigation and consultation with my lecturers; challenge some of the theories, schools of thought or standpoints that had been passed on in lecture halls as plausible explanations to a phenomenon [it is in wide reading and understanding that limitations and strengths in some of the schools of thoughts can be noted]; appreciate discussion forums; and strongly appreciate the importance of maintaining a reading and inquisitive culture, in lieu of read ing for exams. The crux of the observation above is emphasized by Hellenga’s observation to the effect that while the traditional method allows people [like myself at first instance] to comprehend and internalize the concepts being newly introduced, the psychoanalytic approach enabled to internalize, synthesize and even proceed to challenge or recommend these newly taught concepts. In this regard, I came to learn that proper education or

MARKETING MANAGEMENT COLGATE PALMOLIVE Industry Overview

MARKETING MANAGEMENT COLGATE PALMOLIVE Industry Overview In a society that cares about appearances consumers continually look for new, innovative oral care products to provide an extra sparkle to their smiles. Oral care companies are marketing their products to different consumer segments in order to capture their share in the growing segment market. Todays consumer demand numerous benefits from their tooth pastes and manufacturers are responding accordingly. The Personal Care and Household Cleaning Products Industry inclues Companies that make Personal Care and Hygiene Care Products such as cosmetics, perfumes and toiletries as well as household cleaning products. Some leading companies in Personal Care and Household care are Procter Gamble, Unilever, Colgate Palmolive, Johnson JohnsonGillette and Reckitt Benckiser etc. Key Market Players Colgate-Palmolive Colgate-Palmolive headquartered in New York City is the biggest seller of toothpaste (ahead of Procter Gamble) and a world leader in oral care products (mouthwash, toothpastes, and toothbrushes). The company also makes personal care products (baby care, deodorants, shampoos, soaps) and household cleaners (bleaches laundry products, soaps). Its other well-known brands include Palmolive dishwashing liquid and tabs, Ajax surface cleaners, and Fab laundry detergent. Its Hills Pet Nutrition subsidiary makes Science Diet and Prescription Diet brands of pet food. Colgate operates in more than 70 countries and sells products in more than 200. Procter Gamble The Procter Gamble Company is the number one U.S. maker of household products, with brands in five main categories: Baby, feminine and family care; Fabric and home care; Beauty care; Health care and Food and Beverages. Nowadays Procter Gamble markets nearly 300 brands, including leading brands such us Pampers, Tide, Ariel, Always, Whisper, Pantene, Bounty, Pringles, Folgers, Charmin, Downy, Lenor, Iams, Crest, Actonel, Olay, and Clairol. PG has sales in more than 160 countries around the world and PGs worldwide headquarters is located in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The company operates 115 plants in almost 80 countries worldwide and employs nearly 98,000 people. The firm also makes pet food and water filters and produces soap operas. Proctor Gamble is not an active player in local market tooth paste market. GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline, one of the top five pharmaceutical firms in the world, is the name behind antidepressant Paxil and asthma therapies, Flovent and Servent, among the worlds best-selling drugs. Other international bestsellers include Avandia fordiabetes, migraine reliever Imitrex, cancer-related nausea drug Zofran, and antibiotic Augmentin. GSK products are also available without a prescription: OTC products include Zantac for sour stomachs, Aquafresh Maclense for cleaner teeth. Oxy for skin suffering the ravages of adolescence, and Nico Derm for smokers looking to kick the habit. Unilever Unilever is one the worlds top packaged consumer goods companies, Unilever has leveraged its brand-name food, cleaning and personal care products into market dominance worldwide. Dually headquartered in London and Rotterdam, the Netherlands, it is operated by two different holding companies, Unilever PLC (UK) and Unilever N.V. (the Netherlands), which have separate stock listings but an identical board of directors. Unilever is one of the industry leader in deodorants (Axe, Degree), hair care products (Suave, ThermaSilk), prestige fragrances (Calvin Klein, Lagerfeld) and soap (Dove, Lux ). Its other familiar goods include Q-Tips, Vaseline, Pepsodent, Close up and Mentadent tooth pastes and laundry and cleaning products such as all Wisk and Surf. Locally Manufactured Medicame Tooth Pate, Medipac, Forhans, English, Listerine and Sensodine tooth paste are also increasing their market share. Medicame Listerine and Sensodyne are medicated tooth paste. Sensitive consumer gives good consideration to medicated tooth paste. However English tooth paste is very low price tooth paste. Some imported tooth pastes are also available at super store while a variety of medicated tooth paste is available at Medical stores. Close up and medicame are the real competitors of Colgate tooth paste. They have reduced the market share of Colgate. Colgate tooth paste is pioneer and innovator in the introduction of Herbal tooth paste. Corporate Profile Personal care giant Colgate-Palmolive is generally associated with toothpaste and soap, but in fact its broad portfolio also includes Pet food, Deodorants, Fabric softeners, Household cleaners and Detergents. Brands include Ajax, Fab, Mennen and Hills Science Diet, alongside the two products that make up the companys name. Colgate is the worlds #1 toothpaste and toothbrush brand; Palmolive soap is the worlds third largest soap brand, now covering a growing range of hair care products as well as soaps. Colgate-Palmolive is also truly international, deriving more than 70% of its sales outside the US. Advertising Age/TNS estimated global measured advertising expenditure in 2003 of $621m, making Colgate the worlds #40 advertisers. Colgate-Palmolive is a leading global consumer products company, serving people in more than 200 countries and territories with consumer products that make lives healthier and more enjoyable. The Company focuses on strong global brands in its core businesses O ral Care, Personal Care, Household Surface Care, Fabric Care and Pet Nutrition. The Group operates in North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia and Africa. History of Colgate Palmolive 1800 1850s The company began in 1806, when William Colgate, an English immigrant, set up a starch, soap and candle business on Dutch Street in New York City, USA. Frances Smith was made a partner in the following year and the firm became Smith and Colgate. William Colgate brought out his partner in 1813; the name was then changed to William Colgate and Company. In 1817 the first Colgate advertisement Soap, Mould and Dipt Candles appeared. A few years later, William Colgate and his brother-in-law, John Gilbert, built a starch factory in an area that today is Jersey City, New Jersey. The Dutch Street factory was moved there in 1847, though the business office remained on Dutch Street. Principal products at that time were Windsor Toilet Soaps and Pearl Starch. After more than fifty years in the starch, soap and candle business, William Colgate died in 1857. The company then became known as Colgate Company. 1860s 1910s In 1866, the company introduced perfumed soap and began the manufacture of perfumes and essences. Six years later Cashmere Bouquet, the first milled perfumed toilet soap, was registered as a trademark. Surprisingly, it wasnt until 1873 almost seventy years after the companys founding that Colgate Company produced its first toothpaste, an aromatic dental cream sold in jars. Then, in 1896, the company made toothpaste much more convenient to use by introducing the first collapsible toothpaste tube, one similar to those in use today. Meanwhile in Milwaukee, the B.J Johnson Soap Company, founded in 1864, was about to change its destiny. In 1898 the company introduced Palmolive Soap, a product that was so successful it prompted B.L. Johnson to change its name to the Palmolive Company 1916. By its 100th anniversary, Colgate Company was manufacturing dental care products, laundry soaps, 160 different kinds of toilet soap and 625 varieties of perfume. In 1906, the company launched a plant expansion at its Jersey City site, and a new 8-storey factory opened on the site in Jersey City. A few years later in 1910, the entire Colgate organization left the original buildings on Dutch and John Streets and moved to Jersey City. It was on the roof of one of Colgates factory buildings there that the first Colgate clock, its face measuring 37.5 feet in diameter and covering an area of 1104 square feet, was installed in 1908. The original Colgate clock, which became a fixture on the New Jersey waterfront, was moved to a new Colgate factory in Jeffersonville, Indiana in 1924 and was replaced with a new, bigger timepiece, which today is still one of the worlds largest single faced clocks. The new octagon-shaped clock measured 1963.5 square feet with a 25 foot, 10 inches long minute hand and a 20 foot long hour hand. 1920 1930 On the 7th January 1922, the Palmolive Company (of England) Ltd was incorporated, with the first directors meeting being held a month later when Bob Foster was appointed Chairman. In 1925 a new name was registered, The Palmolive Company Ltd. At this time most of the display cards for shop windows and point-of-sale inside chemists were produced in the USA and shipped over with the product. It was not until the 1930s that the UK company commissioned its own advertisements. In 1928 the Colgate Company merged with Palmolive-Peet Co. in the USA, and thus another name change followed in the UK, Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Ltd. It was in 1933 that an agreement was signed with the parent company in America to manufacture Colgate products in the UK, and production started in London from a factory in Ranelagh Road (on lease since 1929). With war clouds gathering over Europe, a wise decision was taken to establish a manufacturing base for Palmolive in England. In 1938 the soap makers G.W. Goodwins Sons were purchased and Palmolive was produced in the Ivy soapworks at Salford, near Manchester, from July 1939, just six weeks before the outbreak of war. 1940s 1960s After the war, things gradually returned to normal. In 1949 the Company decided to enter the detergent business with Fab a new detergent powder already on sale in the USA. Fab survived for a number of years but was eventually discontinued having succumbed to the pressure of heavy competition. Another brand brought over from the USA was a new type of foaming cleanser called Ajax. Launched also in 1949, Ajax proved popular and became brand leader in the mid 1950s. Colgate Chlorophyll was launched in 1952 at a time when the public were intrigued by anything chlorophyll. Palmolive soap drew attention to the fact that natures chlorophyll is in every tablet. In 1953 the name changed to Colgate-Palmolive Limited. By 1956 Colgates share of the US market had reached 23% (from 9% in 1947). New product launches in the 1950s included Lustre-Creme shampoo, Cue hair dressing, Kan-Kil aerosol insect killer, Rapid-shave aerosol lather (1954), Ajax liquid all purpose cleaner with ammonia-plus (promoted on TV as cleans like a white tornado) and Cadum toilet soap in 1955. In the UK in 1964, brand leader Colgate introduced Colgate fluoride, the toothpaste that helps stop bad breath and fights tooth decay. This was updated in 1970 with a new formula containing monofluorophosphate or MFP, and two years later this brand was combined with the standard Colgate to create Colgate MFP Fluoride. The other major launch was Ultrabrite in 1968; New Ultrabrite the extra-strength toothpaste for really white teeth. Youll love its new zingy flavour too. Noticeably there was no attempt at directly linking the Colgate name to Ultrabrite. It was in 1965 that one of the most memorable TV advertising campaigns began for Colgates Ring of Confidence. A continuous stream of TV commercials in the form of before and after mini stories showed the lasting benefits of using Colgate. Even today many remember the sound of the effective ping. 1970s 1990s 1976 saw the arrival of Soft Gentle aerosol, a new antiperspirant that did not sting, even after shaving. Its image evoked by its packaging, was feminine, kind and mild. Woodleigh Green, the shampoo and soap with a fresh, green apple fragrance was introduced in 1979. Under the worldwide Chairmanship of Reuben Mark, appointed to the position in 1984, Colgate-Palmolive sold many of its recently acquired companies and concentrated on building strength in its core businesses of oral care, body care, household surface care and Hills Pet Nutrition. Colgate was still Britains top selling toothpaste and throughout the eighties the company continued to develop its products, first with improved MFP fluoride, and then the introduction of Blue Minty Gel the first toothpaste to target 9 -14 year olds. In 1986 Colgate Junior was introduced and Colgate Tartar Control. In 1984 the new pump action toothpaste dispenser made its debut, and five years later another packaging improvement, the easy to use fliptop cap. Innovation and focus describe the companys activities in the nineties. Perhaps the most innovative development came in 1993 with the launch of Colgate Total toothpaste the most effective toothpaste available. This was just the start of new toothpaste introductions Colgate Platinum (1995) for that fashion model whiteness, Colgate Total Fresh Stripe (1995) and Triple Cool Stripe (1996) and Colgate Sensation Deep Clean (1997). Other new arrivals appeared in the Soft Gentle range with a Smooth Solid (a completely new format for anti-perspirants) and Lights, using the latest fragrance. Soft Gentle had always had fragrance as a key differentiator, and it is this aspect of the product that is constantly changing to keep up with current fine fragrance trends. Soft Gentle cream was launched in 2001. The roll on had aloe vera added in 2002, and there was also a packaging upgrade. Palmolive entered the growing market for shower gels with a range of irresistible products all designed to leave the skin smooth to the touch. 1999 saw the launch of Colgate Whitening and Colgate Superstar. Colgate Fresh Confidence was launched in 2000, and in 2001 Colgate Herbal and Colgate Total Plus Whitening arrived. Colgate-Palmolive Values Our three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything we do. They are the foundation for our business strategy and are reflected in every aspect of our work life. Caring The Company cares about people: Colgate people, customers, shareholders and business partners. Colgate is committed to act with compassion, integrity and honesty in all situations, to listen with respect to others and to value differences. The Company is also committed to protect the global environment and to enhance the communities where Colgate people live and work. Global Teamwork All Colgate people are part of a global team, committed to working together across countries and throughout the world. Only by sharing ideas, technologies and talents can the Company achieve and sustain profitable growth. Continuous Improvement Colgate is committed to getting better every day in all it does, as individuals and as teams. By better understanding consumers and customers expectations and continuously working to innovate and improve products, services and processes, Colgate will become the best. PRODUCT Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, goods or ideas. What is Colgate Herbal White toothpaste? Colgate Herbal White toothpaste combines Colgates expertise in oral care with some of natures finest ingredients. With its unique blend of herbs, Colgate Herbal White delivers a great brushing experience to help ensure first and foremost your good oral health. Plus, it whitens too. How does it work to whiten and strengthen teeth? Colgate Herbal White helps whiten teeth with gentle cleaning silica and calcium carbonate. It removes surface stains from food and drink. Colgate Herbal White also helps strengthen teeth with fluoride. What are the benefits of using Colgate Herbal White? Colgate Herbal Whites special blend of herbs gives it a unique flavor that leaves your mouth with a fresh feeling. In addition, the Colgate Herbal White formula contains fluoride to help prevent cavities while helping to strengthen teeth. What herbs are used and what do they do? Melissa herb: known for its soothing qualities Eucalyptus: noted for its energizing properties Lemon Extract: recognized for its fresh, aromatic flavor Natural Mint: enjoyed for its naturally refreshing taste What makes Colgate Herbal White different from other Colgate toothpastes? How does it compare with other whitening toothpastes? Colgate Herbal White is the only Colgate toothpaste in the market that contains natural herbs in its formula. Its unique combination of calcium carbonate and high cleaning silica delivers whitening and a fresh feeling in your mouth. Can children use Colgate Herbal White? Yes. As with any other toothpaste, children 2 to 6 years old should use a pea-sized amount and should brush under the supervision of an adult. For children under 2 years old please consult a dentist or physician. What happens if the cap is left open? Because Colgate Herbal White has a natural base of calcium carbonate, the toothpaste can lose some of its moisture and harden if the cap is left off for prolonged periods of time. To avoid this, always close the cap after brushing. What makes Colgate Herbal White different from other herbal toothpastes? We cant really comment on other companies products. We can tell you that Colgate Herbal White contains fluoride and the expert science of Colgate to help ensure first and foremost your good oral health. Product Life Cycle Launching a product leads to a life cycle through which passing of product is considered as natural.A product life cycle phenomenon can be viewed as Introductory stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Colgate Herbal Toothpaste is successfully passing through the introductory stage and entering into the growth stage. Colgate people develop the products after identifying the core consumer needs that the product will satisfy. They introduce the product after careful segmentation and identifying the target market. Since their target market as they know is going towards the natural products for the health of their teeth, so Colgate has introduced its Colgate Herbal which is a blend of natural herbs and modern scientific research. They continuously develop the product for their customer satisfaction. They have close eye on the market and whenever they find a gap in the market, they launch a product whenever they find a gap in the market. Colgate Business Strategy Colgates tightly defined leadership strategy focuses on four core global businesses: Oral Care, Personal Care, Home Care and Pet Nutrition. Around the world, Colgate people all work together to succeed in:  · Driving Growth  · Funding Growth  · Becoming the Best Place to Work Our long history of strong performance comes from absolute focus on our core global businesses, combined with a successful worldwide financial strategy. This financial strategy is designed to increase gross profit margin and reduce costs in order to fund growth initiatives and generate greater profitability. Target Market Colgate Pakistan considers the whole population of the country as its target marketHowever for different sorts of consumers it has developed different flavors and tastes in the tooth paste sector especially. Colgate Anti-cavity protection tooth paste is basically designed to remove the cavity on teeth and for fresh breath. Colgate Fresh Stripe Gel is for whitening teeth with fresh breath. Target market for its Herbal white is nature sensitive users. Users that want whitening of tooth paste through natural ingredients. It not only whitens your teeth but also gives you a feeling of fresh breath. Children of all ages can use it. Its Natural Herbs attracts all Nature Lover. PRICE The amount of money that one has to pay to buy the product is known as price. Price is the element in marketing mix that produces revenue while the other elements of marketing mix generate cost only. They company must set its price in relation to the value delivered and the value perceived by the customer. Being as a market leader in tooth paste industry Colgate sets its prices in view the product itself, target customer class and competitors product prices. Pricing Strategies Colgate has maintained the custom of launching the new product at low prices so that every customer can take a trial of the product. Colgate changes its prices to meet the competition but only at that time when the prices of competitors decrease because of national change in prices. Every customer has to pay the same amount to buy the products of Colgate Palmolive in Pakistan. It means the company is following uniform delivered pricing strategy for all its products. Before setting price Colgate considers the following  · Pricing objectives  · Importance of pricing for target customers  · Identifies the demand  · Estimated costs  · Competitors prices PLACE/DISTRIBUTION The process of making the product available to customers to right customers at right places. Colgate is using in direct second level of distribution to make its products available to final consumers Distribution channel always keep in touch with the target customer and competitors as well. They provide all the information ton the company which contains problems and competitors actions. The distributors have their own godowns in which they store the companys products. It is the responsibility of the retailer to provide the product to the retailer at his door step. PROMOTION Promotion is necessary to reach consumers with which Colgate interacts. Promotion is communication used to inform, persuade or remind. Personal selling, advertising, publicity and public relations are the four key elements of the promotion mix. Colgate is targeting the whole population of Pakistan through advertisement. Company also introduces different promotion schemes such as discounts and 2 in 1. Colgate gives high emphasis on direct approach to customers. Its sales team visit citites after cities where they involve in experiments of tooth whitening. They try to satisfy their customers at the spot. S.W.O.T. Analysis Strategic Planning and Thinking S.W.O.T. stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. The SWOT analysis provides us with an analytical framework for studying a Companys position and strategy. Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors of a Company. Opportunities and Threats are external factors. It allows you to analyze the different factors which affect the relative competitiveness of a Corporation. While SWOT is a useful tool to organize information, it is based on the subjective assessment of a situation. As such, as SWOT analysis is only as good as the information to goes into them. Strengths  · Companys presence in 200 countries is its biggest strength  · Strong Corporate image of Colgate Palmolive  · Strong Financial Position  · Worldwide research and excessive emphasize on technology.  · Strong social image of the Company  · Well-established and renowned distributors  · Highly enthusiastic sales team  · More concern towards quality improvement  · A blend of scientific research with natural herbs Weaknesses Only emphasize on urban market while suburban and rural areas are neglected to some extent. Colgate promotion budget is very less as compared to its competitors. Opportunities According to the information obtained by company marketing manager as well Chamber of commerce and Industry Karachi, and Pakistan Dental Association the market is growing rapidly. People are becoming more and more health conscious. Due to this growing market there are a lot of opportunities for Colgate to exploit this growing market by introducing new products. Due to shift from artificial components to natural things people are demanding products that are very natural. This trend is a good opportunity to capture this segment through efficient marketing practices. Threats Threat of the new entrance is also present. Unilever and Medicame is capturing market increasingly. Locally manufactured as well imported tooth pastes are also threat to Colgate in the competitive market. Market competition is also increasing day by day. Competitor Analysis Colgate Pakistan does not consider any brand as its close competitor in the market. Colgate is the only market leader in the oral care in Pakistan. P G is its world wide competitor but P G is not marketing its brand Crest tooth paste. However Unilever, Glaxosmithkline are having good contribution in the market. Especially Close up is rapidly expanding its product line. But still imported close up is having better share as compared to locally manufactured close up. English laboratories ( English tooth paste) and Roomi Entreprises with Sensodyne are also popular brands in tooth paste market. But Medicame and Synsodyne are categorized in the medicated tooth pastes. Colgate Herbal is uniqeue in its formula and not any other brand is offering Herbal tooth paste in the market. Manjans and tooth powder are losing their importance and mouth washes may increase their current low share. However awareness about the mouthwashes is also increasing but still the trend has not set. Colgate is still market leader in oral care in Pakistan. Its brand image and its diversified products touch it a universal market leader in the oral care and personal care. Conclusion While concluding all the discussion, we would like to tell proudly that Colgate is not only world leader in oral care in the world but also in Pakistan. Colgate has given variety in its products and it has introduced so many flavors and formulas in its tooth pastes. Its brands are world class in quality. Colgate people emphasize on three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything they do. These values are the foundation for Colgate business strategy and are reflected in every aspect of their work life. Colgate brands are very popular in our society. Colgate is focusing on quality and innovation in oral care sector. Colgate Herbal tooth paste is an innovative step towards a tooth paste industry and Colgate is pioneer to introduce a product that is a blend of Natural Herbals and Scientific research. Colgate will continue to improve its products through innovation and customer satisfaction.

Albert Einstein Essay -- biographies biography bio

Education "The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education" -Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Germany to a Jewish couple. While having initial complications with a misshapen head during child birth, he grew normally. However it was commented by Albert Einstein's relatives that he was a little slow. Einstein's lack of intelligent was shown by his late age of learning how to speak. His first formal education (besides the private education he received before school) was at a Catholic school in Munich . This institution was short-lived because of Einstein's taste and disagreements with the professor. He left the school and Ulm Germans and moved to Milan . While in Milan , Einstein wanted to continue his primary education, and in 1895 took his entrance exam to ETH in Zurich . His scores were not sufficient enough to allow him to enter the primary school, instead he went to a community school in the nearby city of Aarau . In 1896 he received his school certificate and enrolled ETH with intentions in becoming a mathematics or physics teacher. Einstein got average marks while in ETH and received his diploma in 1900, is GPA was 4.6 out of 6.0. Einstein eagerly applied to numerous Universities, looking for an assistantship but was denied to all of them. While looking for a school for higher education, Einstein gave up his German citizenship and applied for a Swiss one instead. He was given Swiss citizenship in 1901. Einstein was desperate for work, for a year he was a teacher at a Technical High School in Winterthur and a private school in Schaffhausen, and soon afterward he moved to the Switzerland capital, Bern . Work was till difficult to find in Switzerland and Einstien found him... ...cation would be the photoelectric sensor which is in almost every department store. Although there are not many practical applications for the theory of relativity there are many uses in the scientific world including black holes and planetary motion. But one day, there might be a way to use relativity for time travel. References: Sites: 1) Josef Kuppet. "Einstien". 2004. 2) Amy Sanogo."Albert Einstein Quotesh".Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper, 2003. 3) American Institute of Physics. "Image Impact".1996. 4) Albert Einstein. 2004 kmhigginson. Books: 5) A. Einstein. Principle of Relativity.1924. "ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICSOF MOVING BODIES". Dover Publications

China

In my opinion theses terms would be ‘national' and ;corporate' culture, along with cross-cultural differences. Even within a culture there are many groupings and levels that are present within each Individuals mental outlook. These include cultural layers such as, national culture, regional culture, gender, generation, social as well as corporate culture. I will touch on these all very briefly In the main body of my essay but concentrate mainly on the national and corporate layers of culture. (www. Tama. Du) National Culture can be described as, † The result from one nation attributing characteristics to another, which can exult In stereotyping and prejudice. National culture needs to take account of differences In the groups and communities which all contribute to national culture. † (www. Pearson. Co. UK) If stereotyping and prejudice are occurring in the workplace this can have many detrimental effects on employees and their motivation or ability to work as part of the organization. Will pay more attention to how this could possibly affect business success later on In the essay.Corporate culture can be described, † The basic assumptions and beliefs held by employees about the organization they work for. (www. USC. Com) Corporate culture will affect the Interaction between diverse groupings within the workplace and like national culture, is very likely to have and effect on how the workforce perform. I am going to start the main body of my essay providing an outline of the concept of national culture and move on to the concepts of corporate culture, before comparing all firms are going to view success in the same way and ways can vary differently from firm to firm.For clarity I will touch on how different firms could view the term ‘being successful' and measuring their own success. I will then look at what those aspects that may be considered as a cross-cultural difference and how these factors are going to impede the organizatio n's success. Finishing with a few basic ideas on how to avoid the problems brought about by cross-cultural differences and how to manage these to become a potentially more successful organization. Finally I am going to conclude on any findings from my research and in a short summary, link those findings back to the essay title.A national culture attributes certain specific characteristics from one nation to another. This can be in the from of stereotyping and grouping all members of a action together in the same way. An example of national culture could be that the British drink far too much and have a tendency to become violent, giving rise to hooliganism especially in the context of football. To tarnish all football fans with this presentment would be incorrect as only a small minority are responsible for causing the trouble.On the other hand corporate culture refers to an individuals own personal views concerning the organization they are working for. These views and ideas are li kely to be brought about from the employees own experiences in the workplace and are robbery going to vary and change over time as they work for the organization. The difference between national and organizational or corporate culture would be that national culture is more associated with the nation as a whole and less about the individuals ideas.Where as corporate culture deals more with the individuals personal outlook on things concerning the work environment. The prejudice that comes with national culture may be forced upon the individual which is not the case for corporate culture, which allows the individual to build up beliefs through their past experiences. (wry. Tama. Du) With globalization becoming a much more common factor to consider for many businesses, this poses the problem of cross-cultural differences as barriers that have to be overcome if the firm is to stand the best chance of being successful.Globalization can have huge benefits for a firm's success if it is car ried out in the right way and attention is paid to details such as cultural differences. However the firm could end up paying heavily if they over look the importance and significance of cross-cultural differences for the employees they are working with. Cross-cultural differences may include such issues as the communication used and ethos of transferring information between cultures and departments, the of solving the same problem, also the area within the organization over which any information is dispersed. Www. Tapping. Com) The problem if communication between cultures is a tough one, as the same gestures is likely to have different meanings in different areas and cultures. A good example of this would be the fact that in Bulgaria shaking your head up and down means no rather the side to side in many other places. Along with gestures, words and phrases can have different meanings which could cause confusion when carrying out business across cultural lines. Also different cultur es make different assumptions when faced with the same situation.In international projects these differences could make or break the outcome from the start if processes and agreements are not clear to both cultural sides. Miscommunication is thought of as the largest cross-cultural barrier that has to be overcome by an organization, to achieve potential success. (www. Tapping. Com) The above problems would be made more aware at the national culture level but it is important not to forget the cross-cultural differences will still be occurring at the organizational or corporate level.These differences are mentioned below. An organization is unlikely to be structured in exactly the same way if set up in more than one country and this is going to affect the way in which day to day tasks are carried out in different places. Such things as distributing power and information throughout departments in the workplace are very varied in different countries. An example of this would be the way in which information is passed through a firm in Germany compared to that of an American firm.The German firm is likely to keep information within set departments and only inform those who need to know. Whereas as an American firm is likely to move information across departments more freely. (www. Tapping. Com) When talking about success in business there can be many interpretations and people will view success differently. Especially in different cultures when looking at the emphasis that is put on financial success it is clear to see it varies greatly. A good example of this would be the different outlooks between the Chinese and American culture.America places business as it's main priority with success being seen as achieving wealth. Economics are put first in the American outlook and the culture is very individual based. This places large emphasis on financial gain as being the measurement success. (www. Venturesome. Com) This differs from the Chinese outlook with China placing emphasis on building relationships and respect is given for wisdom and ability. This is not to say that China view no success in financial gain, as this is the baseline for business activity. (www. Venturesome. Mom) Schneider and Barbour state how, â€Å"each country has its unique institutional and point, only to become liabilities when the environment changes. Managers therefore need to evaluate the extent to which national culture can interfere with their many†¦ † (Mullions '07) This shows that if national culture is nurtured in the correct fashion by management then it can most certainly be advantageous to a business' success. However the flip side to this could be that if nurtured incorrectly projects undertaken are likely to be unsuccessful.It is proving to be a very important issue that has to be looked at and approached with care by managed as in the United States the Department of Labor released statistics showing how between 1985 and 2000 only around 15% of ne w entrants into the workforce in the USA were white males. This obviously shows Just how diverse he workforce is becoming and how much of an important factor culture in the workplace is for management. For all businesses success is determined by reaching corporate goals and objectives.Those goals and objectives are very likely to vary between different organizations and could be anything from breaking into a new market and merely surviving at first, to reaching set profits or targets in their current market. Avoiding the problem of cross-cultural differences can greatly help the organization to achieve success. For this to be done attention to those details mentioned above must be taken (communication etc. The main problem for firms may be confusion in communication methods, by paying fine attention to this any confusion can be reduced.Removing confusion can be done by, clarifying what is expected, removing general details, summarizing information and decisions as well as simplifyin g any language used. (www. Tapping. Com) In summary, when looking at the differences between national and corporate culture, it is easy to see that national culture refers to a much larger and impersonal outlook towards a nation, where as corporate culture is more about the individuals feelings towards their employer based on experience. Cross-cultural differences can include such things as communication and information sharing within an organization and how these are carried out.

About the Trojan Prince Deiphobus

About the Trojan Prince Deiphobus Deipohbus was a prince of Troy and he became the leader of the Trojan army following the death of his brother Hector. He the son of Priam and Hecuba in ancient Greek mythology. He was the brother of Hector and Paris. Deipohbus is viewed as a Trojan hero, and one of the most important figures from the Trojan War. Along with his brother Paris, he is credited with slewing Achilles. After Paris death, he became  Helens husband and was betrayed by her to  Menelaus. Aeneas talks to him in the  Underworld in Book VI of the Aeneid. According to the  Iliad, during the Trojan War, Deiphobus led a group of soldiers in siege and successfully wounded Meriones, an Achaean hero. Hector’s Death During the Trojan War, as Hector was fleeing from Achilles, Athena took the form of Hector’s brother, Deiphobus, and told him to take a stand and fight against Achilles. Hector thought he was getting genuine advice from his brother and tried to spear Achilles. However, when his spear missed, he realized that he had been tricked, and was then in turn killed by Achilles. It was after Hector’s death that Deiphobus became the leader of the Trojan army. Deiphobus and his brother Paris are credited with eventually killing Achilles, and in turn avenging the death of Hector. As Hector was fleeing Achilles, Athena took the shape of Deiphobus and goaded Hector to make a stand and fight. Hector, thinking it was his brother, listened and threw his spear at Achilles. When the spear missed, Hector turned around to ask his brother for another spear, but Deiphobus had vanished. It was then Hector knew the gods had deceived and forsaken him, and he met his fate at the hand of Achilles. Marriage to Helen of Troy After the death of Paris, Deiphobus became married to Helen of Troy. Some accounts say that the marriage was by force​ and that Helen of Troy never truly loved Deiphobus.  This situation is described by the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"Helen chose Menelaus, Agamemnon’s younger brother. During an absence of Menelaus, however, Helen fled to Troy with Paris, son of the Trojan king Priam; when Paris was slain, she married his brother  Deiphobus, whom she betrayed to Menelaus when Troy was subsequently captured. Menelaus and she then returned to Sparta, where they lived happily until their deaths.† Death Deiphobus was killed during the sack of Troy, by either Odysseus of Menelaus. His body was horribly mutilated. Some separate accounts say that it was actually his former wife, Helen of Troy, who killed Deiphobus.

Sensory Experiences Exploring Reality

Sensory Experiences Exploring Reality Learning and experiencing new objects and scenes depend on the number of sensory experiences involved into contemplation. In fact, the experience of contemplating the room by one individual cannot testify to the objectivity of the room.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Experiences: Exploring Reality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neither can different experiences become the proof of objective reality. At the same time, the existence of the objective reality as itself is justified by the emergence of various perceptions existing in spiritual form. Due to the fact that earthly flesh has constantly changing nature, the room that Kant describes can change as well, based on different perceptions. I agree with the idea that our attitude to the external environment depends not only on perception of sensory experience, but also on previous knowledge about the object to be perceived. Therefore, if Kant looks at the r oom for the first time, he could make up an opinion about its various qualities and attributes. The second time of looking at the room will be evaluated on the premise of both new sensory experience and previous knowledge about it. The latter allows the viewer to present a comparative analysis of two different perceptions. In response to the objective reality, the author argues that our sensory experience also has a sequential nature. The difference in experience also depends on the shifts in perceptions once the priority of contemplating the object is changed. There is also a matter of ordering while looking at the object in the room. Hence, Kant focuses on his personal choice in choosing the sequence of looking at the objects. The above-presented assumptions premise on the theory of great chain of being introduced by Aristotle and Plato. According to this theory, our world and experience is composed of multiple chains and links. Due to the fact that the world is constantly changin g, human experience of observing the objects surrounding them can be different all the time. In spite of the fact that material the world changes, the spiritual component remains permanent, which is important for understanding the concept of reality. In general, object position cannot be altered in the hierarchy. In nature, earth stands at the core of hierarchical chain because this element owns only the quality of existence. Each component that is directed upward focuses on the positive aspects of the previous chain. For instance, a human combines mortal, flesh characteristics and spiritual ones. Within the context of this dichotomy, body and soul become a whole in which the moral component is shaped. In case a human focuses on spirit, he/she could become much closer to the religious domain. Different outlooks and perceptions of the world influence human understanding of reality.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theoretical framework and Kant observations are of great significance for understanding and evaluation the connection between human subjective perception and the objective representation of reality. The concept of reality, however, does not always coincide with the sum of perceptions on the objects. Therefore, different angles and sequences of contemplating the object can alter the position of objects. Kant’s observations do not only create different angles of perception, but also characterize reality in terms of its changeability. In addition, each person contemplating specific objects relies heavily on his/her experience while assigning various attributes to it. Therefore, a variety of subjective analyses provides a new meaning to objective reality and introduces a new dimension of perception.

Analyze a photogrpah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyze a photogrpah - Essay Example The figure of Ophelia has long been symbolic of the silencing of women in literature and in the larger context of society itself. Crewdson uses the same principle to create his work. It is interesting to note that the artistic representations of Ophelia changes media over time as well. Starting from the famous oil on canvas painting of Ophelia by John Everett Millais, the more haunting painting of Ophelia by Pierre Auguste Cot to the rich, pastoral representation by painter Henry Nelson O’ Neil, the image of the manic depressive drowning herself seemed to have struck a chord with several artists over the ages. Crewdson recognises this timeless quality of the character and chooses to interpret it himself also but in the different, more contemporary, medium of film. Studying the picture closely reveals how the same motif of female suppression persists in history. Here, the scene is not a forest and a river, but a regular drawing room. The drawing room itself, although not overtl y outrageous, is extremely surrealistic and eerie in some ways. The most visible evidence of its unnatural condition, of course, is the water that appears to flood the room. The still water with the woman’s hand partly submerged in it appears almost frozen and lends the entire scene a rigid, menacing quality. The drawing room is heavily furnished, almost stifling.

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT LESSON 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT LESSON 1 - Essay Example According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"The people elect public officials to represent them in free and frequent elections. People start voting to tell the government what they need at the age of eighteen.† An example of this is the upcoming presidential election. Anyone who is eligible to vote can cast a ballot for whom they wish to be president. The principle of limited power was born out of the fear that Americans had at the time since they had just gained independence. They now had their own power and freedoms and were not about to hand it over fully and freely to the government. Essentially, tyranny was their greatest fear because of the circumstances. According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"Many states pressured the framers of the constitution to add a Bill of Rights, or a list of the basic rights of citizens. The framers also made the national and state governments share power. But whatever the power, the people gave it to the government and they could take it away.† An example of this in today’s world is the rules governing equal opportunity rights. The next principle for discussion is the sharing of power. According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"Americas government was based on Federalism, where power is divided between the Federal (national) and state governments. The constitution states what powers the Federal government has and leaves the rest for the states. Whenever a dispute arises the constitution is the â€Å"supreme law of the land.† An example of this is gambling. Some states allow it, and some do not. There is no federal law outright forbidding it, though. The fourth principle to discuss is separation of powers. As it stands today, the federal government consists of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"The legislative branch includes the congress and House of

Design of an Enterprise Level Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Design of an Enterprise Level Business - Essay Example An Enterprise's need for tighter financial controls1, more consistent data2, support for streamlined sourcing and procurement processes3, a single data source for product or services data4, support for closed-loop sales and operations planning processes5, portfolio approach6 collectively points to the requirement of a software system named Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). It's a comprehensive system capable of breaking down barriers between departments within an enterprise and brings together various pockets such as sales, production, finance, human resources, purchasing and shipping - to unify access to the up-to-date information to produce a consistent, single version of the truth on Talking simply about organisation and its processes isn't understanding them. To get a deeper understanding of the processes, one needs the right information for capturing process detail. It's in the heads of the people who, day in and out, are living the process (Ben B Graham, 2004). This is where Ben Graham process mapping methods steals the picture. The symbols used call attention to value-added work, non-value-added work, work inspections (controls), movement of work from one location to another and delays (when nothing is happening). No other mapping technique provides such a transparency, decision making support and support for analysis that is provided by Ben Graham Process Map. Another such is the 'IDEF' methodology (Integrated DEFinition language). It frees the process from arguing about process modelling taxonomies. IDEF suite provides functional, information, data, process, object oriented and ontology modelling to map business processes. The 'BPMN' (Business Process Mode lling Notation) provides a set of graphical elements, Swimlanes is most popular among them, which facilitates the developers in implementing the technology that will perform those processes. For a close comparison, Graham stands taller than the rest (See figure 1). Documenting the design requires a right tool. It should provide clarity without being overly simplistic and provide detail without clutter. There are a lot of flowcharting tools which provide symbol sets but unless it's wrapped in a methodology, it's of no use. The 'Process Developer Enterprise Edition' is a mapping tool for internal activity, flowchart mapping and document control. It helps an organization to meet ISO 9000:2000 standards. Another very useful tool is the 'FlowBreeze Flowchart Software'. It is 100% MS Office integrated tool for making flow charts faster and easier. It lets you just type the text and converts it into flowchart shapes, adds flow lines, and formats the drawing. It is in accordance with Sarbanes Oxley. The 'Stylus Studio XML' Enterprise Edition is another mapping tool with IDE features, XML Editing, Debugging, Testing, Graham vs IDEF vs BPMN Features G I B Displays All the Items that are involved in the process / detailed Shows step by step processing at the task level- the work people do Shows processing at a function level Shows relationships between items Shows multiple related flows Displays single-line flow Identifies WHO

Resilient Rowers of the 1936 Olympics Essay Example for Free

Resilient Rowers of the 1936 Olympics Essay â€Å"In an age when Americans enjoy dozens of cable sports channels, when professional athletes often command salaries in the tens of millions of dollarsit’s hard to fully appreciate how important the rising prominence of the University of Washington’s crew was to the people of Seattle in 1935† (Brown 173). As seen by this quote, America is a much different place than what it was in the 1930s. The times have changed significantly. In today’s day and age we have it all too good. The world we live in is one of leisure and not nearly as much hard work as there used to be. Back in the early 20th century the people had it pretty rough and dealt with many frightening problems of their generation such as World Wars and the Great Depression. The non†fiction novel, Boys in the Boat by Daniel Brown, takes place in this turbulent time period of US history that started around the 1930s. The book is the story of how the University of Washington’s crew won the 1935 Berlin Olympics. The main character, Joe Rantz, and his team start off as an inexperienced freshman crew at the university and worked their way to the top amongst many obstacles. The story is one of great heroism and persistence that takes place during the heart of the US’s struggles. The lives of the great Olympic athletes were affected by this time period in several ways. The Great Depression greatly amplified the athlete’s drive to succeed as well as their great sense of patriotism, and the less complicated technology of the time allowed them to invest wholeheartedly in the handcrafted vessel in which they rowed. The book begins in 1933 in Seattle on a gloomy day. It was the fourth year of the Great Depression and at this point it seemed like it would last forever. â€Å"Nobody could say when, or if, the hard times would ever end† (Brown 9). The time period brought on a bleak, depressing, and failing society. Howard Zinn, in his article called Self†Help in Hard Times, provided a great illustration of what the time was like for people of the US through the quote, â€Å"After the crash, the economy was stunned, barely moving. Over five thousand banks closed and huge numbers of businesses, unable to get money, closed too. Those that continued laid off employees and cut the wages of those who remained, again and again. Industrial production fell by 50 percent, and by 1933 perhaps 15 millionwere out of work† (Zinn). This description by Howard Zinn really  paints a picture of the turmoil that was occurring in the US during the depression. The depression caused people to be afraid of the future because of all the uncertainty that came with it. This was especially true for Joe Rantz. Joe came from an extremely poor family and had been hit hard by the depression. He knew that if he wanted to rise above the depression and the sad life he lived, he would have to make the cut for the University of Washington crew team. Joe knew all too well that â€Å"failing at this rowing business would mean, at best, returning to a small, bleak town on the Olympic Peninsula with nothing ahead of him but the prospect of living alone in a cold, empty, half†built house† (Brown 13). It was this that motivated Joe and it was this that pushed him to succeed. The Great Depression sparked the fear of an uncertain future into Joe, which is demonstrated by Brown in the quote,†Whether you were a banker or a baker, a homemaker or homeless, it was with you night and day†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ a terrible, unrelenting uncertainty about the future, a feeling that the ground could drop out from under you for good at any moment,† (Brown 9). This fear affected his life tremendously and is ultimately what caused Joe’s drive to win an Olympic gold medal. As well as serving as a motivator for the crew team, the Great Depression also sparked much patriotism into the lives of not only the rowers, but the whole nation. Coming off of WWI the US still had a strong sense of nationalism amongst its people. Once the depression hit and hard times came around, the people of the United States instead of losing their sense of nationalism, held on to it tighter and believed that America would recover back into the prospering nation it once was. For the crew team of the University of Washington, times were challenging however they were proud to be living in America because, as demonstrated by the following quote, they knew that other nations didn’t have the freedoms that they had: â€Å"In a few days, he would be sailing under her on his way to a place where as he understood it, liberty was not a given, where it seemed to be under some kind of assault. The realization that was settling on all the boys settled on Joe† (Brown 289). This place they were about to sail off to was Germany. Germany at the time didn’t have any of the freedoms that America did and was under the control of Hitler. The quote, â€Å"They were now representative of something much larger than themselves—a way of life, a shared set of values. Liberty was perhaps the most fundamental of those values. But the things that held them together—  trust in each other, mutual respect, humility, fair play, watching out for one another—those were also a part of what America meant to all of them†, (Brown 289) reveals the crew team’s feelings about their great American nation. It shows the true level of patriotism that the crew possessed and their deep understanding and respect for the values of America. These true feelings of patriotism were brought forth by the Great Depression and affected the lives of the Olympic athletes by motivating them even more to win the gold for their nation. Another effect that the time period had on the lives of the Olympic Athletes was caused by the lack of advanced technology in the row boat industry. The time period in which the story was based was during a time in which many things were still crafted by hand and not by machine. The handcraftsmanship of the era carried over into the rowing industry. George Pocock, an expert boat builder, designed and built the Husky Clipper, the winning Olympic boat. George Pocock’s expertise is illuminated by the quote, â€Å"A large part of Pocock’s genius as a boatbuilder was that he managed to excel both as a maker of machines and as an artist† (Brown 136). Due to his expertise, the boat became something more important than it seemed. The 9 crew members feel in love with the boat and really became a part of it. Joe began to develop a true connection to the boat when he heard George Pocock describe the wood in the following way: â€Å"The wood taught us about survival, about overcoming difficulty, about prevailing over adversity, but it also taught us something about the underlying reason for surviving in the first place. Something about infinite beauty, about underlying grace, about things larger than ourselves. About the reason we were all here† (Brown 214). The values taught to them through the craftsmanship of the boat aided them in victory and taught them to persevere and push through. Joe Rantz and his eight crew members worked relentlessly to achieve a gold medal at the 1935 Berlin Olympics. By all accounts this was a huge accomplishment because rowing is not only physically demanding but also mentally challenging as seen through the quote from the article entitled Me Time, â€Å"On the one hand they (rowers) must possess enormous self†confidence, strong egos, and titanic willpower. And yet, no other sport demands and rewards complete abandonment of the self† (Crosby). Many factors influenced their success including a strong desire to escape the desolate state of poverty brought on by the Great Depression, a heightened sense of  patriotism, and a great appreciation for their rowing vessel that was meticulously handcrafted. They achieved many successes and experienced failure as well, along the road to Olympic victory. However it was not until the last few hundred meters of the race that Joe felt truly at one with his teammates. Joe finally was able to trust his teammates, which is what he was searching for all along. The true prize of his journey, however, wasn’t really the gold olympic medal. It was the friendships he gained along the way. Works Cited Brown, Daniel. The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. New York: Penguin, 2014. Print. Crosby, Josh. â€Å"Me Time.† Rowing Magazine Apr. 2014: 61. Web. Zinn, Howard. â€Å"Self ­Help in Hard Times.† In A People’s History of the United States, 377 ­406. New York : Harper Collins, 2003.